What is the mechanism of heat LT?
Answer: Constitutively activates Gs via adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation leading to constant activation of adenylate cyclase and high levels of cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP). This causes increased secretion of Cl− ions from intestinal cells into the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen. Negative Cl− ions cause positively charged Na+ ions to follow. Water follows Na+ into the lumen leading to diarrhea.
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Bacteriology
- Describe the diseases caused by each and the species included in each:
- Salmonella species are divided into typhoidal or nontyphoidal types?
- What is the treatment of Shigella and what medications should be avoided?
- What populations are most often affected by Shigella?
- How is Shigella transmitted?
- What symptoms are often seen with shigellosis?
- Why is Shigella nonmotile?
- Why does Shigella only cause superficial ulcers and not invade blood vessels?
- What are the reservoirs for Shigella?
- What are the mechanisms of the two subunits of Shiga toxin?
- What other bacteria besides Shigella contain the Shiga toxin?
- Which is more virulent, Salmonella or Shigella?
- Salmonella and Shigella are the two important gram-negative bacteria that do not ferment lactose and cause enterocolitis. How are they differentiated?
- Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTIs, what is the key virulence factor?
- Who does EPEC commonly affect?
- EPEC adheres to but does not invade intestinal cells and results in flattening of the intestinal villi. What is the consequence of this and how does it present?
- How do patients with EIEC present?
- How do these plasmid-encoded proteins act?
- The main virulence factors of EIEC are encoded by a plasmid shared by what other diarrhea causing bacteria?
- How is EHEC treated?
- How are patients typically exposed to EHEC O157:H7?
- What is the mechanism that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)? What are the features of HUS?
- How do patients with EHEC present?
- What toxin mediates EHEC diarrhea? What is the mechanism of action?
- Which other bacterial toxin is similar to LT toxin?
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