What are the symptoms of tetanus? Why?
Answer: Spastic paralysis due to prolonged muscle contracture results from lack of inhibition (ie, loss of glycine), resulting in dysphagia (early), trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (grimace), and respiratory failure.
Mnemonic:
Tricks a Good Spine (Tetanus, Glycine, Spastic paralysis)
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Bacteriology
- Describe the diseases caused by each and the species included in each:
- Salmonella species are divided into typhoidal or nontyphoidal types?
- What is the treatment of Shigella and what medications should be avoided?
- What populations are most often affected by Shigella?
- How is Shigella transmitted?
- What symptoms are often seen with shigellosis?
- Why is Shigella nonmotile?
- Why does Shigella only cause superficial ulcers and not invade blood vessels?
- What are the reservoirs for Shigella?
- What are the mechanisms of the two subunits of Shiga toxin?
- What other bacteria besides Shigella contain the Shiga toxin?
- Which is more virulent, Salmonella or Shigella?
- Salmonella and Shigella are the two important gram-negative bacteria that do not ferment lactose and cause enterocolitis. How are they differentiated?
- Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTIs, what is the key virulence factor?
- Who does EPEC commonly affect?
- EPEC adheres to but does not invade intestinal cells and results in flattening of the intestinal villi. What is the consequence of this and how does it present?
- How do patients with EIEC present?
- How do these plasmid-encoded proteins act?
- The main virulence factors of EIEC are encoded by a plasmid shared by what other diarrhea causing bacteria?
- How is EHEC treated?
- How are patients typically exposed to EHEC O157:H7?
- What is the mechanism that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)? What are the features of HUS?
- How do patients with EHEC present?
- What toxin mediates EHEC diarrhea? What is the mechanism of action?
- Which other bacterial toxin is similar to LT toxin?
If the answers is incorrect or not given, you can answer the above question in the comment box. If the answers is incorrect or not given, you can answer the above question in the comment box.